Cycle helmets should be effective, says government report

Latest research suggest cycle helmets are effective – as long as they're worn correctly (© iofoto - Fotolia.com)
Wearing a cycle helmet should significantly reduce the risk of head injury if you're involved in a road accident, according to a new report for the UK's Department for Transport.
The study – which looked at existing reports on helmet use plus police and hospital accident data – concludes that as long as they are a good fit and worn correctly, lids should be effective in preventing fractures and brain injury, both in the case of falls and accidents involving other vehicles.
This may sound like stating the obvious, but the helmet use debate rages on, with critics arguing that, among other things, wearing a lid can put cyclists at greater risk of being involved in an accident – as drivers tend to give riders wearing protection less room – and may give them a false sense of security.
UK cyclists' organisation CTC has condemned the report, by independent research body TRL, saying that the authors have identified shortcomings with previous research but "overlooked equally serious failings in their own work”.
For instance, they have investigated claims that helmets cause an increased risk of rotational head injury – something they have found no evidence for – but admit they have not included "detailed consideration of whether wearing (or not wearing) a helmet influences the likelihood of being involved in an accident", and have not examined links between compulsory helmet use and falls in cycling.
CTC campaigns and policy director Roger Geffen said: “After shooting down everyone else’s assumptions on cycle helmets, the report’s authors realised this left them without a pro-helmet conclusion, so they have cooked up some spurious assumptions of their own. CTC would just like to see an honest analysis of the case for and against telling cyclists to wear helmets which takes into account all the relevant issues.”
The report, titled The potential for cycle helmets to prevent injury – a review of the evidence, aims to provide a comprehensive review of the effectiveness of cycle helmets. The key points are:
- A predicted 10-16 percent of cyclist deaths could have been prevented if the victim had worn a helmet, according to a biomechanical assessment of more than 100 police forensic reports filed between 2001 and 2006.
- Around 40 percent of cyclists admitted to hospital in England have suffered head injuries. Ten percent of those admitted between 1999 and 2005 after road accidents suffered injuries of a type and to a part of the head that a helmet may have mitigated or prevented. A further 20 percent suffered open wounds that a lid may have mitigated or prevented.
- A helmeted head can fall at least four times as far for the same risk of injury as an unprotected head.
- No evidence has been found to suggest an increased risk of rotational head injury with a helmet compared to without a helmet.
- Cycle helmets are particularly effective for children, because both adults' and kids' lids are designed to withstand falls from 1.5 metres – because they aren't as tall, youngsters aren't likely to fall anywhere near this far.
- Helmet use has increased steadily since 1994. In 2008, lids were worn by 34 percent of cyclists on major roads and 17 percent on minor roads, compared to 22 and eight percent respectively in 1999.
The report also reveals that, contrary to popular belief and speculation in the UK's mainstream media, only a tiny proportion of riders – around six percent – are injured in crashes caused by poor cycling, such as jumping red lights, ignoring stop signs and failing to use lights at night.
You can download a copy of the report, The potential for cycle helmets to prevent injury – a review of the evidence, for free at www.trl.co.uk, although you'll need to create an account.
You can follow BikeRadar on Twitter at twitter.com/bikeradar.
User Comments
There are 72 comments on this post
Showing 1 - 30 of 72 comments
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ESHER SHORE
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 12:43 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
I cannot see why any cyclist would NOT want to wear a helmet - unless they are an idiot
I've had enough accidents over the years whilst wearing helmets (which have destroyed or severly damaged the helmet) to know why I wear a helmet
its not exactly rocket science that putting something between your head and ground is going to help in a crash, rather than just hitting your head on the ground directly....
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alotronic
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 12:45 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
Oh God, not this argument again...
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Barteos
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 12:55 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
Even more lives would be saved if pedestrians and drivers were wearing helmets.
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omally
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 12:57 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
Please wear a helmet, wearing one has saved my life not once but twice.
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Tempestas
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 1:07 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
Freedom of choice, but personally I wear one and am glad I am still about to do so after a serious crash. Whether they work in a collision with a vehicle though is always going to be an issue, because even motorcyclists die from head injuries and there helmets are far superior in levels of protection than a cycle helmet.
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estevens
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 1:22 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
They should be compulsory why anyone would ride without one still surprises me to this day as item is for your own protection.
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verloren
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 1:28 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
For those questioning why anyone wouldn't wear one, the main argument (backed by evidence) is that it appears wearing one makes you more likely to be in an accident, and the single best way to survive an accident is to not be in one.
Not arguing for or against, but at least we know what we're arguing over. For the record, I wear a helmet.
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Chris+W
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 1:33 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
I agree that "why anyone would ride without one still surprises me" but I disagree that therefore "they should be compulsory".
Of course helmets are generally helpful, but at the same time will not help in all circumstances. However, everywhere that has made them compulsory has seen a decrease in the number of people cycling, which causes far greater health problems (not so dramatic, but equally devastating).
I'm in the camp of always wearing a helmet and lightly recommending that other people do so, but am completely against mandatory helmet use.
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Chicane-UK
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 1:37 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
"as drivers tend to give riders wearing protection less room"
Oh my god... pull the other one! What a total crock. Most motorists don't give ANY assesment of a person on a bike BEYOND the fact that there is someone on a bike. I don't give a cyclist any more or less room in my car based on the level of protection they're wearing!!
Had this argument till I'm blue in the face with my flatmate. It almost feels like it gets down to 'cutting your nose off to spite your face' - the argument being "I'm entitled to choose, therefore because *you* nag me about it so much, I'm not going to wear one". Suit yourself.
The common ground for arguments against wearing one seem to be the suggestion that any accident will only ever potentially be caused by the cyclist being negligent - therefore if the cyclist is attentive / alert and road-wise, no accident will ever happen! So what about the guy who jumps the red light in a car? What if you hit a pot-hole you simply didn't see?! Why would you *not* want to improve your chances of avoiding a serious head injury for the sake of making a stand about freedom of choice?
Lunacy frankly. I'd love someone to point me at some coherant arguments against wearing one.
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palmersperry
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 1:44 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
I see the usual "wearing a helmet saved my life" claims have been made ... Can I ask if those making the statement have repeated the accident without a helmet and are now posting to Bike Rader from the afterlife, or are they just make claims for which they have no actual evidence for?
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littleorangechunks
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 1:47 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
Based on head injury statistics, it would seem that there's an even better argument for wearing a helmet around the house and in cars.
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blinddrew
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 2:06 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
+1 Chris+W
I usually wear a helmet but i don't think making it mandatory is a good move.
Interesting to note that "No evidence has been found to suggest an increased risk of rotational head injury with a helmet compared to without a helmet." This was precisely what was found by a fairly recent australian study (sadly can't find the link - help anyone?). One can only assume that they have either not looked at this evidence or have come to a different conclusion following the analysis.
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dnase
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 2:08 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
Encouraging universal helmet use by cyclists is akin to tackling knife crime by making everyone wear a stab-proof vest.
If I know I am going to be involved in a road accident I would probably opt to be wearing a helmet but attention should be focused on making the road conditions safer and the driver behaviour safer.
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switchback18
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 2:23 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
Everyone wants to be right!
I wear a helmet off road, because I'm likely to be pushing the limits sometimes, so there's a much higher risk of a crash. A crash off road is often likely to be less serious, as there is actually softer stuff to land on. On the road there's very rarely a soft landing. But like I say, I wear one off road because any crash could possibly cause serious damage, and they're more likely.
If I'm on the road, however, I don't bother. I'm always on a MTB on the roads, don't own a road bike. As far as I'm concerned, there's no reason for me to come off due to rider error on the roads. And if a car runs me over a piece of polystyrene's hardly going to help.
This whole debate kind of distracts from the important point that if you are alert and you know where the traffic is, why would you let anyone knock you off? People always come out with the "you never know what other road users will do" quote. Well you won't if you're not looking, or you're expecting them all to be obeying the highway code. If you're always assessing what drivers could do, and you keep an eye on the driver not just the vehicle, you can see what they might do in advance. So, yes, theoretically if I fall off on the road I might hurt myself, but there's no need. Calling people who don't wear helmets idiots is a bit strong. In my opinion, you need to rethink if you are relying on just a helmet to protect you. Prevention & cure & all that.
And for the record, I've ridden off-road for 20 years and had enough offs, but never even slightly damaged a helmet. Obviously there's always a 1st time, but I don't put it just down to luck, there's nearly always stuff you can do to minimise damage even in the process of a crash.
So, wear a helmet out of choice, but don't make it compulsory. More people than you'd think die from slipping over on foot, so logically pedestrians should wear helmets as well! And there's got to be a case for drivers wearing them, it would cut down injuries by a certain amount. If not, rally drivers wouldn't bother.
I wouldn't get on a motorbike without one, simply because of the speed. But on the road on a bicycle, how fast are you really going to crash at without being in a race?
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solsurf
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 2:33 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
I think we should wear a helmet, I've cracked one once and my head hurt but no other damage, my biggest gripe is that the CTC who say they want it to be the persons decision however I get the feeling they are slanting towards not wearing one, which I think is wrong.
Oh and for all those who say we need to educate drivers before we make people wear helmets, it only takes one idiot driver!
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RichardJiles
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 2:34 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
I think they should be free!
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MrRex
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 2:42 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
This is a wee bit like the Global Warming debate going on at the moment. There are people with invested intrests that quote evidence to support their own viewpoint.
If we think about it rationally, on the balance of probability, it is safer to wear a helmet than not. The CTC has such an invested interest and thier "official standpoint" on the issue is biast. Also, the demograpic in the CTC could be described as old n grumpy..... although I couldn't possibly agree or disagree with such a statement!
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Tempestas
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 3:18 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
@Palmersperry.
I crashed at around 35mph and rolled repeatedly on tarmac, I was hit by 3 other riders and suffered a dislocated shoulder, severe road rash from my chest to my knees and a fork leg went through my left leg at the knee. My helmet was smashed to bits, the only thing holding it together was the webbing straps and it had signs of impacts on the front, side and back. It took me around 4 years to recover physically, but mentally I am 100% fine and suffered no head trauma except a tiny cut just above my eye, which was caused by my sunglasses....
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wymthg
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 3:28 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
I think it should be the riders choice. Its up to you if you think it will or wil not help in an accident - you take the risk, its the same with most things in life its your choice.
I wear a helment and always have, i have only ever had one acident that involved a car and I am very alert cyclist, i seen the car coming I seen the car slow down but he obviously descide he could nip out in front of me at the round about in time, but did not make it and fit me full on, on the left side.
so "switchback18" I totally disagree with your statements, and you never know what a driver or other road users ( i have had an incident witha cyclist) will do, as some do some really odd things.
I suspect if i was not wearing my helmet I would either be dead or have brain damage of some sort, as the damage to my helmet was pretty bad and a dent that size in my scull would have caused some serious damage.
Saying that my main injury from the accident was having my half ear stiched back on, that i think wa smainly due to the strap on the helmet and the direction was sliding along the ground.
Oh and I cycle on a very dual carrige way through the city and 98% of drivers give me plenty space, so not sure about the wearining a helmet puts you more at risk argument, you get the odd few that dont, but they may have reasons for that??
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MrChuck
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 4:05 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
>>Oh my god... pull the other one! What a total crock. Most motorists don't give ANY assesment of a person on a bike BEYOND the fact that there is someone on a bike. I don't give a cyclist any more or less room in my car based on the level of protection they're wearing!!
Actually there is some evidence that it's not a "total crock":
http://www.bath.ac.uk/news/articles/archive/overtaking110906.html
Admittedly it's a bit fluffy but I wouldn't be so quick to write it off. Don't assume that you are representative of others either- I assume you don't, say, overtake just to turn left immediately either, but we all know plenty of people do.
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Zachariah
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 4:18 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
Ah yes, good old Dr Walker's oft-cited report that motorists give the helmetless riders more room. Anyone wishing to use this in an argument might want to read his methodology, which involved one rider (him) on one type of bike, in one place (Bath).
His conclusion that that drivers give the most room to helmetless female riders was based on evidence gathered while he rode around in a blonde wig.
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MrChuck
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 4:21 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
I'm aware of his methodology- like I said, "some evidence", and "it's a bit fluffy". He's just reporting what he observed.
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igamogam
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 5:06 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
Hang on a moment folks...
Has anyone wondered why the CTC, the UKs biggest pro-cycling organisation is questioning the use of helmets. Don't you think they would advocate compulsory helmet use if it really helped. It's not like they have a commercial interest.
Common sense, like urban myths, sometimes cloud reality...
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velolover
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 6:17 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
Even more lives would be saved if all people were wearing life vests while swimming ;)
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sweetslice
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 6:37 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
I guarantee if you asked any of the riders in the pro peloton whether they wanted to go back to being helmetless your answer would be 'no chance'. They know.
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careful
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 7:49 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
Its time that CTC got off the fence and started promoting safer cycling instead of dithering about trying to keep everyone happy including the reactionaries who must realise by now that helmets help to reduce injuries in many accidents.
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ESHER SHORE
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 8:20 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
when I was 13, I was the victim of a "hit and run" involving a motorist
motorist was speeding on a country lane, ran straight into the back of me (I was on my Dad's Peugeot MTB) and I was thrown about 20 feet forward, and hit the edge of a stone-edged kerb with my fibreglass skateboard helmet (I was into skateboarding and bikes in a big way)
the helmet was split down the middle, and the foam interior was trashed, I had a HELL of a head ache for several days after being checked out for concussion and kept over night in hospital
I have NO doubt that without a helmet, I would have died in that accident
if wearing helmets means less people cycle then good....I would rather have less cyclists than more dead or brain damaged cyclists
if you need convincing that a helmet works, think about the numbers of people killed or brain damaged from simply falling over / being assaulted in the street and hitting their head on something hard like a kerb edge or piece of street furniture
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Craigbes
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 8:37 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
I think in a low speed impact, helmets do the job there designed for. Protecting the head against serious injury. At higher speeds other things come into play. After witnessing a low speed crash where a man went over the bars whilst not wearing a helmet confirmed this. Even at a low speed, his head hitting the kerb caused a very nasty head wound. This wouldn't have been the case had he been wearing a helmet.
The cause of the said crash? His carrier bag hanging off of his handlebars getting caught in between his forks and wheel.
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steve_l
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 9:03 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
1. I've helped evac someone out the brecon beacons who faceplanted on the loose bit of the descent to Brecon; even with the helmet he was unconscious;
if the had not had a good pair of oakley's he'd have taken more damage. Therefore: let's make sunglasses compulsory too. Or full face.
And body armour, let's think how much body armour can help too. Right now whenever there is an RTC involving a cyclist, the papers always say whether or not the cyclist had a helmet on, maybe a few years time it will be whether they had body armour
Alternatively, we do something about what causes the injuries, the deaths. Lorries with blind spots, speeding cars.
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elgordo
Posted Wed 16 Dec, 9:09 pm UTC Flag as inappropriate
sweetslice- I guarantee if you asked any of the riders in the pro peloton whether they wanted to go back to being helmetless your answer would be 'no chance'. They know."
I bet if you asked them when they were climbing mt. Ventoux 100% would throw them into the crowd and continue without.









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